Gdańsk, massacred by Germany and liberated from Germany by the Polish People's and Soviet Army on 30 March 1945

Following the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland, Germany in October 1938 urged the Gdańsk territory's cession to Germany. On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland, initiating World War II.

On September 2, 1939 Germany officially annexed the Free City. The Nazi regime murdered the Polish postmen defending the Polish Post Office: this was one of the first war crimes during the war. Other Polish soldiers defending the Westerplatte stronghold surrendered after seven days of fighting. The German commander returned the sword to the Polish commander for putting up a brave fight, while the same time one the captured defenders, Kazimierz Rasinski was brutally tortured by Germans and murdered when he refused to reveal Polish communication codes. On Sep 7th NSDAP organised night parade on Adolf-Hitlerstrasse to celebrate success. It was bombed by a single Polish hydroplane operating from Hela peninsula piloted by Jozef Rudzki and Zdzisław Juszczakiewicz. Six bombs each weighing 12.5 kg (28 lb) were dropped from very low height. In October 1939, Gdańsk, together with the prewar Pomeranian Voivodship to the south and west, became the German Reichsgau (administrative district) of Danzig-West Prussia (Danzig–Westpreussen). With the start of the war the Nazi regime began its policy of extermination in Pomerania; Poles, Kashubians and Jews and the political opposition were sent to concentration camps, especially neighbouring Stutthof where 85,000 victims perished. Kashubian and Polish intelligentsia were killed in the Piaśnica mass murder site, which is estimated to have had 60,000 victims.

In the city itself hundreds of prisoners were subjected to cruel Nazi executions and experiments, which included castration of men and sterilization of women considered dangerous to the "purity of Nordic race" and beheading by guillotine The courts and judicial system in the annexed territories of Nazi Germany was one of the main ways to legislate an extermination policy against ethnic Poles, terminology in the courts was full of statements such as "Polish subhumans" and "Polish rabble". Some judges even declared that Poles were to have tougher sentences than Germans because of their alleged racial inferiority.

With the German defeat thanks to the Soviet and Polish People's Army the planned genocide of the Polish population, who were deemed by the German authorities to be "subhuman," was averted and Poles returned to Gdańsk. Between 1952 and the late 1960s Polish artisans thanks to the efforts of Polish People's Republice restored much of the old city's architecture, up to 90% destroyed in the war. The german nazi symbols ware cleared. Beautifull polish socialist Art scenes of the life of polish common People before the prussian conquest of Gdańsk in 1793 ware drawing between 1952 and 1960.

Frederick the -Great- Imperialist and Racist, the absolut antipolish, antisemit and antislav Tyrann. The man who destroyed the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth

Quote Wikipedia

Frederick had despised the Poles since his youth, and numerous statements are known in which he expressed anti-Polish prejudice,^[63] calling Polish society "stupid" and stating that "all these people with surnames ending with -ski, deserve only contempt".^[64] He passionately hated everything associated with Poland, while justifying his hatred and territorial expansion with ideas of the Enlightenment.^[65] He described Poles as "slovenly Polish trash";^[66][c] referring to them in a letter from 1735 as "dirty" and "vile apes",^[67] and compared the Polish peasants to American Indians.^[68]

King Frederick II, by Anna Dorothea Therbusch, 1772

Frederick undertook the conquest of Polish territory under the pretext of an enlightened civilizing mission, given his disparagement of Poland and its ruling elite, all of which provided a convenient entree for the "sanguine meliorism" of the Enlightenment and heightened assurance in the "distinctive merits of the 'Prussian way'".^[69][70] He prepared the ground for the partition of Poland-Lithuania in 1752 at latest, hoping to gain a territorial bridge between Pomerania, Brandenburg, and his East Prussian provinces.^[71] Frederick was himself partly responsible for the weakness of the Polish government, having inflated its currency by his use of Polish coin dies obtained during the conquest of Saxony in 1756: the profits exceeded 25 million thalers, twice the peacetime national budget of Prussia.^[72][73] He opposed attempts of political reform in Poland, and his troops bombarded customs ports on the Vistula, thwarting Polish efforts to create a modern fiscal system.^[74] As early as 1731 Frederick had suggested that his country would benefit from annexing Polish Prussia in order to join the separated territories his own kingdom.^[75]

According to Scott, Frederick was eager to exploit Poland economically as part of his wider aim of enriching Prussia. Scott views this as a continuation of his previous violations of Polish territory in 1759 and 1761 and raids within Greater Poland until 1765.

Lewitter says: "The conflict over the rights of religious dissenters [in Poland] had led to civil war and foreign intervention." Out of 11–12 million people in Poland, 200,000 were Protestants and 600,000 Eastern Orthodox. The Protestant dissidents were still free to practice their religion, although their schools were shut down.^[76] All dissidents could own property, but Poland increasingly reduced their civic rights after a period of considerable religious and political freedoms.^[77] They were allowed to serve in the army and vote in elections, but were barred from public offices and the Polish Parliament (Sejm), and during the 1760s their importance became out of proportion compared to their numbers.^[78]Frederick exploited this conflict as means to keep Poland weak and divided.^[79]

Empress Catherine II of Russia was staunchly opposed to Prussia, and in response Frederick opposed Russia, whose troops had been allowed to freely cross the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Seven Years' War of 1756–63. Despite their personal hostility, Frederick and Catherine signed a defensive alliance in 1764 that guaranteed Prussian control of Silesia in return for Prussian support for Russia against Austria or the Ottoman Empire. Catherine's candidate for the Polish throne, Stanisław August Poniatowski, was then elected King of Poland in September of that year, and she gained control of Polish politics.

Frederick became concerned, however, after Russia gained significant influence over Poland in the Repnin Sejm of 1767, a position which also threatened Austria and the Ottoman Turks. In the ensuing Russo-Turkish War (1768–74), Frederick supported Catherine with a subsidy of 300,000 rubles, albeit with reluctance as he did not want Russia to become even stronger through acquisitions of Ottoman territory. The Prussian king achieved a rapprochement with the Austrian Emperor Joseph and chancellor Kaunitz.

After Russia occupied the Danubian Principalities in 1769–70, Frederick's representative in Saint Petersburg, his brother Prince Henry, convinced Frederick and Maria Theresa that the balance of power would be maintained by a tripartite division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth instead of Russia taking land from the Ottomans. They agreed to the First Partition of Poland in 1772, which took place without war. Frederick claimed most of the Polish province of Royal Prussia. Prussia annexed 20,000 square miles (52,000 km²) and 600,000 inhabitants, the least of the partitioning powers.^[80] However, Prussia's Polish territory was also the best-developed economically. The newly created province of West Prussia connected East Prussia and Farther Pomerania and granted Prussia control of the mouth of the Vistula River. Frederick also invited German immigrants to the province,^[81] hoping they would displace the Poles.^[82] Maria Theresa had only reluctantly agreed to the partition, to which Frederick sarcastically commented, "she cries, but she takes".^[68]

Frederick himself tried further propaganda to justify the Partition, portraying the acquired provinces as underdeveloped and improved by Prussian rule. According to Karin Friedrichthese claims were accepted for a long time in German historiography and sometimes still reflected in modern works.^[83] Frederick did not justify his conquests on an ethnic basis, however, unlike later nationalist, 19th-century German historians. Dismissive of contemporary German culture, Frederick instead pursued an imperialist policy, acting on the security interests of his state.^[84] Frederick II settled 300,000 colonists in territories he had conquered, and enforced Germanization.^[85]

After the first partition Frederick engaged in plunder of Polish property, confiscating Polish estates and monasteries to support German colonization, and in 1786 he ordered forced buy-outs of Polish holdings.^[86] The new strict tax system and bureaucracy was particularly disliked among the Polish population, as was the compulsory military service in the army, which didn't exist previously in Poland.^[87] Frederick abolished the gentry's freedom from taxation and restricted its power.^[88] Royal estates formerly belonging to the Polish Crown were redistributed to German landowners, reinforcing Germanization.^[89] Both Protestant and Roman Catholic teachers (mostly Jesuits) taught in West Prussia, and teachers and administrators were encouraged to be able to speak both German and Polish.^[81] Economic exploitation of Poland, especially by Prussia and Austria, followed the territorial seizures.

Frederick looked upon many of his new Polish citizens with scorn, but carefully concealed that scorn when actually dealing with them. Frederick's long-term goal was to remove all Polish people from his territories, both peasants and nobility. He sought to expel the nobles through an oppressive tax system and the peasantry by eradicating the Polish national character of the rural population by mixing them with Germans invited in their thousands by promises of free land. By such means, Frederick boasted he would "gradually...get rid of all Poles".^[90][91]

Frederick wrote that Poland had "the worst government in Europe with the exception of Turkey".^[68] After a prolonged visit to West Prussia in 1773, Frederick informed Voltaire of his findings and accomplishments: "I have abolished serfdom, reformed the savage laws, opened a canal which joins up all the main rivers; I have rebuilt those villages razed to the ground after the plague in 1709. I have drained the marshes and established a police force where none existed. ... [I]t is not reasonable that the country which produced Copernicus should be allowed to moulder in the barbarism that results from tyranny. Those hitherto in power have destroyed the schools, thinking that the uneducated people are easily oppressed. These provinces cannot be compared with any European country—the only parallel would be Canada."^[92] However, in a letter to his favorite brother, Prince Henry, Frederick admitted that the Polish provinces were economically profitable:

It is a very good and advantageous acquisition, both from a financial and a political point of view. In order to excite less jealousy I tell everyone that on my travels I have seen just sand, pine trees, heath land and Jews. Despite that there is a lot of work to be done; there is no order, and no planning and the towns are in a lamentable condition.^[93]

Frederick also sent in Jesuits to open schools, and befriended Ignacy Krasicki, whom he asked to consecrate St. Hedwig's Cathedral in 1773. He also advised his successors to learn Polish, a policy followed by the Hohenzollern dynasty until Frederick III decided not to let the future William II learn the language.^[81]

Mercedes Benz: Forced labour under German rule during World War II NS-Zwangsarbeit

Here is a "monument " in Mercedes-Benz industry about the forced labour. 

There is no mention that the forced laborers were exterminating in Mercedes-Benz industry  because of inhuman conditions and because there according to them "untermenschen". So nobody can understand that Mercedes-Benz is gulty for the extermination of hundert thousands of forced laborers.

There is also no mention about the origin of those slaves. There is any word like Soviet Union, Russians, Poles, Ukraine, Jews, Belarussians, Czechoslovakes, Yugoslavs, Greeks, Armenians, Communists. Not a word

And the real story

DER STERN UND SEIN SCHATTEN – ZWANGSARBEIT BEI DAIMLER-BENZ

https://zeitreise-bb.de/zwang/

Zwangsarbeiter in Sindelfingen

Ost-West-Gefälle bis in den Tod

Zwangsarbeiter in Sindelfingen

Zwangsarbeiter gab es während des Zweiten Weltkriegs offiziell nicht. In der Naziterminologie war stets von „Fremdarbeitern“ die Rede – ein Begriff, der Angeworbene, Verschleppte, Kriegsgefangene und KZ-Häftlinge auf einen Nenner bringen wollte. Auf jeden Fall verfälschte er die Wirklichkeit, denn von diesen 14 Millionen Menschen „sind keine 200 000 freiwillig gekommen“, wie Fritz Sauckel, Hitlers Bevollmächtigter für den Arbeitseinsatz, selbst erklärte. Was hieß es, Zwangsarbeiter zu sein? Am Beispiel Sindelfingen wird das deutlich.

Am 18. Januar 1940 kamen die ersten Zwangsarbeiter, 20 kriegsgefangene Polen, an. Sie wurden zu Holzhauerarbeiten eingesetzt und in einem Nebengebäude des Wirtshauses Hirsch untergebracht. In den folgenden fünf Jahren erhöhte sich ihre Zahl auf 3422 Menschen, überwiegend aus der Sowjetunion (1154) und aus Frankreich (1142): In Sindelfingen lag der Ausländeranteil plötzlich bei 29 Prozent.

Die meisten von ihnen – insgesamt 2841 – waren bei Daimler beschäftigt. Die Firma war einer der wirklich großen Rüstungsbetriebe (sie produzierte Teile der Kampfflugzeuge Me 109, Me 110 und Me 210 sowie Heckteile der „Wunderwaffe“ V2) und hatte deshalb einen enormen Bedarf an Arbeitskräften.

Frauen ging es noch schlechter

Die Franzosen waren überwiegend unter Druck (Entzug der Lebensmittelmarken) in Frankreich angeworben, die „Ostarbeiter“ fast durchweg verschleppt worden. Zwischen beiden Gruppen gab es erheblichen Unterschied – die „Ostarbeiter“ galten als „Untermenschen“ und waren deshalb in jeder Hinsicht gegenüber den „Westarbeitern“ benachteiligt. Und den „Ostarbeiterinnen“ ging es noch schlechter als den Männern. „Die Ostarbeiter hatten viel schlechtere Verpflegung als wir. Wir Westarbeiter haben häufig Brot über den Zaun des Ostarbeiterlagers geworfen. Ihr Lager wurde wie ein Kriegsgefangenenlager bewacht, und sie durften auch keine Gastwirtschaften besuchen“, erinnerte sich Christian Clermonts 43 Jahre nach Kriegsende an die Verhältnisse in Sindelfingen. Am lächerlich kleinen Beispiel der Tabakzuteilung wird die ganze Naziideologie deutlich: „Westarbeitern“ stand die Ration einer deutschen Frau zu, Polen und Russen die Hälfte davon, Polinnen und Russinnen bekamen nichts.

Bei Daimler beschäftigte Ostarbeiterinnen. Den Frauen ging es schlechter, als dieses offizielle Foto zeigt. (Foto: Mercedes-Benz Classic)

Das „Ost-West-Gefälle“ ging bis zum Tod: 53 Zwangsarbeiter sind in Sindelfingen gestorben. Von den 28 „Westarbeitern“ kamen 23 bei Bombenangriffen um, von den 25 „Ostarbeitern“ starben 23 an Krankheiten (an „Ernährungsstörung“ oder „Todesursache unbekannt“). Und von den 52 „Ostarbeiterkindern“, die in Sindelfingen geboren wurden, erlebten 19 das Kriegsende nicht. Dabei hatten es die Zwangsarbeiter bei Daimler Sindelfingen vergleichsweise besser als in vielen anderen Großbetrieben: Die Verpflegung war teilweise reichlicher als vorgeschrieben, auch die „Ostarbeiter“ durften – hart am Rande der Legalität – bei Luftangriffen den Stollen am Goldberg aufsuchen. Und viele Bürgerinnen und Bürger begegneten ihnen menschlich, teilweise unter Gefahr für sie selbst. Dennoch waren die Jahre in Sindelfingen für alle Zwangsarbeiter eine bittere und lange Zeit. Die Daimler-Benz AG hat sich 1988 zu ihrer Verantwortung bekannt und 20 Millionen DM an zuständige Organisationen gezahlt; in Untertürkheim steht heute ein Denkmal, das an die Zwangsarbeiter erinnert. Das offizielle Sindelfingen hat dieses Kapitel jahrzehntelang weggeschoben. Bis 1985 waren die Gräber verstorbener „Ostarbeiter“ auf dem Alten Friedhof in einem erbärmlichen Zustand, danach wurden zwei Sammelgräber mit Bronzeplatten eingerichtet. Und seit 1992 steht auf dem Alten Friedhof eine Gedenktafel für die Sindelfinger Zwangsarbeiter.

Späte Entschädigung

Heute, fast 54 Jahre nach Kriegsende, sollen die Zwangsarbeiter endlich entschädigt werden – aber die ungleiche Behandlung geht offenbar weiter: Die „Ostarbeiter“, die mehr leiden mussten, sollen zum Ausgleich weniger bekommen. Ein früherer Zwangsarbeiter in der Ukraine oder in Russland hat es im Leben zumeist schwerer gehabt als sein Kollege aus dem Westen. Warum soll er also nicht – zumindest – in gleicher Höhe entschädigt werden?

Beerdigung der bei einem Luftangriff gestorbenen holländischen Zwangsarbeiter. (Foto: Mercedes-Benz Classic)

Quelle: Das 20. Jahrhundert im Spiegel der Zeit. Der Kreis Böblingen im Rückblick von 100 Jahren. Röhm Verlag Sindelfingen 1999, S. 96.

Mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Sindelfinger Zeitung/Böblinger Zeitung und des Mercedes-Benz-Archivs in Stuttgart-Untertürkheim.

Literaturhinweis: 
Schülerarbeitsgruppe am Goldberg-Gymnasium Sindelfingen, Zwangsarbeiter in Sindelfingen 1940-1945.
Sindelfingen 1989

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https://www.zwangsarbeit-archiv.de/buecher_medien/literatur/b00043/index.html

Zwangsarbeit 1939-1945. Erinnerungen und Geschichte

MENÜ

Zwangsarbeit bei Daimler-Benz

Hopmann, Barbara/ Spoerer, Mark/ Weitz, Birgit/ Brüninghaus, Beate – 1994

"Die wissenschaftliche Aufsatzsammlung thematisiert Zwangsarbeit in der Rüstungsindustrie bei der Firma Daimler-Benz. Besonders berücksichtigt werden Polen, ""Ostarbeiter"", Juden, KZ-Häftlinge, Westeuropäer, Italiener/italienische Militärinternierte und Kriegsgefangene. Das Buch enthält ausführliche Texte, Fotos und Bilder."

Titel

Zwangsarbeit bei Daimler-Benz

Verfasser

Hopmann, Barbara/ Spoerer, Mark/ Weitz, Birgit/ Brüninghaus, Beate

Verlag

Stuttgart: Franz Steiner 1994

Schlagwörter

Wissenschaftliche Publikation

Datum

1994

Kennung

ISBN 3-515-06440-0

Art

Text

zeitliche und räumliche Reichweite

Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Deutschland

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https://m.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/der-zweite-weltkrieg/199405/kriegswirtschaft-und-zwangsarbeit

Quote Wikipedia 

The use of forced labour and slavery in Nazi Germany and throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale. It was a vital part of the German economic exploitation of conquered territories. It also contributed to the mass extermination of populations in German-occupied Europe. The Nazi Germans abducted approximately 12 million people from almost twenty European countries; about two thirds came from Central Europe and Eastern Europe. Many workers died as a result of their living conditions – extreme mistreatment, severe malnutrition, and worst tortures were the main causes of death. Many more became civilian casualties from enemy (Allied) bombing and shelling of their workplaces throughout the war. At its peak the forced labourers comprised 20% of the German work force. Counting deaths and turnover, about 15 million men and women were forced labourers at one point during the war

Whether 10,000 Russian females fall down from exhaustion while digging an antitank ditch interests me only in so far as the antitank ditch for Germany is finished.

—Heinrich Himmler, Reichsführer-SS
(4 October 1943)

Use of forced labour by Nazi Germany

Street round-up (Polish łapanka [waˈpanka]) of random civilians to be deported to Germany for forced labour; Warsaw's Żoliborz district, 1941 Foreign forced labourers Numbers 10 million (1944 est.)  including:      6.5 million civilians      2.2 million POWs      1.3 million camp inmates Abducted 12 million Place of origin USSR (33.6%), Poland (21.7%), France (17.1%), Belgium, Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Romania and others

Foreign civilian forced labourers in Nazi Germany by country of origin, January 1944 with transfer payment to the Reich per labourer Source: Beyer & Schneider 

Countries	Number	% of total	RM
Total	6,450,000	100.0%
Occupied Central and Eastern Europe	4,208,000	65.2%	median 15 RM
Czechoslovakia	348,000	5.4%
Poland	1,400,000	21.7%	33.5 RM
Yugoslavia	270,000	4.2%
USSR including annexed lands	2,165,000	33.6%	4 RM
Hungary	25,000	0.4%
Greece	20,000	0.3%
Occupied Western Europe	2,155,000	33.4	median 700 RM
France (except Alsace-Lorraine)	1,100,000	17.1%	487 RM
Norway	2,000	–
Denmark	23,000	0.4%
Netherlands	350,000	5.4%
Belgium	500,000	7.8%	913 RM
Italy	180,000	2.8%	1,471 RM
German allies and neutral countries	87,000	1.3%
Bulgaria	35,000	0.5%
Romania	6,000	0.1%
Spain	8,000	0.1%
Switzerland	18,000	0.3%

ArbeitskräftegruppeSterblichkeit (pro Jahr)Deutsche Arbeiter4 ‰Dänische Arbeiter4 ‰Italienische Arbeiter (1938–42)3 ‰Niederländische Arbeiter10 ‰Belgische Kriegsgefangene6 ‰Britische Kriegsgefangene8 ‰Französische Kriegsgefangene8 ‰Italienische Kriegsgefangene (1943–45)40 ‰Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene≈1000 ‰KZ-Häftlinge≈1000 ‰

Herkunftsland	Anzahl 1939 bis 1945			Zwangsarbeiter per Aug/Sep 1944
	Gesamt	Zivil	Kriegsgefangene	Gesamt	Zivil	Kriegsgefangene
Sowjetbürger	4.725.000	2.775.000	1.950.000	2.758.312	2.126.753	631.559
Polen	1.900.000	1.600.000	300.000	1.688.080	1.659.764	28.316
Franzosen	2.335.000	1.050.000	1.285.000	1.254.749	654.782	599.967
Italiener	1.455.000	960.000	495.000	585.337	158.099	427.238
Belgier	440.000	375.000	65.000	253.648	203.262	50.386
Niederländer	475.000	475.000	–	270.304	270.304	–
Tschechen	355.000	355.000	–	280.273	280.273	–
Serben	210.000	N/A	N/A	37.607	37.607	–
Kroaten	100.000	100.000	–	60.153	60.153	–
Slowaken	100.000	100.000	–	37.607	37.607	–
Dänen	80.000	80.000	–	15.970	15.970	–
Balten	75.000	75.000	–	44.799	44.799	–
Ungarn	45.000	45.000	–	24.263	24.263	–
Sonstige	440.000	440.000	–	199.437	199.437	–

UnternehmenJahrBetrag in DMEmpfängerGrundI.G. Farbenindustrie AG195730 Miojüdische und nicht-jüdische ZwangsarbeiterWollheim-Prozess in FrankfurtKrupp-Konzern195910 Miojüdische Zwangsarbeiter aus KonzentrationslagernVorbereitung einer Sammelklage in New YorkAEG-Telefunken19604 MioZwangsarbeiterVermeidung eines Präzedenzfalles aus SammelklageSiemens19627 Miojüdische ZwangsarbeiterJewish Claims Conference legte firmen-internen Bericht von 1945 vorRheinmetall19662,5 Miojüdische Zwangsarbeiter (nicht-jüdische lehnte das Unternehmen 1969 ab)zur politischen Absicherung eines Waffengeschäftes mit den USADeutsche Bank für Flick-Konzern19865 MioZwangsarbeiter des Flick-Unternehmens Dynamit Nobelzur politischen Absicherung des lukrativen Weiterverkaufs Dynamit Nobel durch Deutsche BankDaimler Benz1988?20 MioFörderung von Alten- und Pflegeheimenunbekannt